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Institute in 1919. After the death of his wife and two smallchildren in a epidemic flu after the war and the revolution hewent in 1921 to England to work in Cavendish Laboratory withErnest Rutherford. Developed methods for obtaining strongmagnetic fields. In 1925 became assistant director of magneticresearch at the Cavendish. Elected Fellow of Trinity College(1925) and Fellow of the Royal Society (1929). The Royal SocietyMond Laboratory was build in Cambridge specially for him, andwas officially opened in February 1933. In this laboratory heinvented and designed in 1934 a new original device forliquefying helium in large quantities - a prerequisite for thegreat progress made in low-temperature physics. In autumn 1934when on a professional visit to the USSR his passport was seizedand he was detained there by Stalin's order. He founded theInstitute for Physical Problems, the equipment of which waspurchased from the Mond Laboratory by the Soviet Government withthe assistance of Rutherford. In 1937 he discovered in hisInstitute the superfluidity of helium II, and in 1936-1938developed a new method for air liquefaction with a low pressurecycle using a special turbo-expansion device with a highefficiency. The highly efficient radial compressed gasturboengine developed by Kapitza, with an output of 80-85%,still serves as a world model for modern large-scale oxygenproduction plants by air fractionation using low pressure only.In 1943, during the war, organized and headed the Department ofOxygen Industry attached to the Government (Glavkislorod). InNovember 1945 refused to work on nuclear weapons developmentunder Beria, and in 1946 was dismissed from his posts asdirector of the Institute for Physical Problems and head ofGlavkislorod, and resided at his country house until afterStalin's death and Beria's arrest in 1953. He conducted there